Taking a Look at Native Americans - 736 Words

Native Americans have been in the Americas for much longer than a majority of the races that now inhabit it. Native Americans had lived prosperously on the until the early 1800s when white settlers began their move towards the West. As these white settler came upon the Native Americans they brought with them unwavering beliefs that would end up causing great conflicts with the Native people, who had their own way set of values. It was clear that the white man and the Native Americans could not live among each other peacefully for their values and culture were much too different. The Native Americans who occupied America before any white settlers ever reached the shores â€Å"covered the land as the waves of a wind-ruffled sea cover its shell paved floor† (1). These Native people were one with nature and the Great Spirit was all around them. They were accustom to their way of life and lived peacefully. All they wish was to live on their land and continue the traditions of their people. When the white settler came upon their land the values of the Native people were challenged, for the white settlers had nothing in common and believe that it was their duty to assimilate the Native Americans to the white way of life. However the Native Americans strongly regarded their way of live. In their culture the order of nature, was vastly important. It was understood that there was an order to which nature worked and because of this they were tied to the land. They could not comprehendShow MoreRelatedTurner and the Glorification of Westward Expansion Essay1634 Words   |  7 Pagesessay â€Å"The Significance of the Frontier in American History,† the United States had recently fulfilled the goal of Manifest Destiny by finishing its conquest of the West. Westward expansion had been an integral aspect of the American identity and its citizens were left wondering what would continue to propel the United States into the future. At the same time, people were also looking back and trying to decide how exactly the frontier had shaped American life. The common belief was that the UnitedRead MoreThe Encyclopedia Of Human Rights1513 Words   |  7 Pagesrank; supreme dominion, authority, or rule. Inhere nt in the definition of sovereignty is independence and the ability to make decisions without consultation or being overruled by anyone or entity. In the United States Native American tribes or nations are sovereign. Native Americans retain political sovereignty, or the right of â€Å"self-rule† as written by Joseph P. Kalt and Joseph Singer in Myths and Realities of Tribal Sovereignty. Furthermore, the article, Tribal Sovereignty, the History and the LawRead MoreAnalysis Of The Atlanta Braves Game Knows What It1329 Words   |  6 Pagesmovement. What some may not realize is that they are a part of an American movement that turns a blind eye to hostility and racial abuse towards Natives. This movement takes Native Americans and dresses them up in feathers and beads, braids their hair and smears warpaint on their faces and then parades them around during football or baseball games, calling them names like ‘redskins’, ‘savages’ and ‘braves†™. Some may say that this honors Natives, that to stereotype against a race of people based on theirRead MoreThe United States Should Fight A War972 Words   |  4 Pagescenturies. Now more than ever the general public have been airing questions concerning history/historians. With new advances in technology and better research methods, historians can look at history from a different light, and see the hidden truths that various countries and leaders hid behind mass propaganda. Historians can look to the past and gain a clearer picture of what actually happened and answer the questions surrounding the past with better accuracy. 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In the movie we see a native American man giving a man a woman and taking a hat with a feather in it. This shows they are stupid and they don’t have any love for anyone. They trick a native American to leave his ranch and leave his family andRead MoreThe Justification Behind Manifest Destiny1699 Words   |  7 Pagesand civil rights. This is also the time period where the U.S. began its expansion from east coast to west coast. This is known as the conquest of manifest destiny. Unfortunately, this destiny came at a price. The price paid for this was by the Native American people who were essentially forcibly moved off of their land for the achievement of this goal. A question arises as to whether this was justified and whether there were other ways in which these goals could have been achieved with benefits forRead MoreTaking At Discipline, Looking At Labor By Eric Margolis1375 Words   |  6 Pagesboarding schools in the US. Photographs are used to demonstrate the civilization of Native America Native American Children. Not only can we see the change of the students after civilization, but also the oppressive system in the Indian School. The photographs are used as the monitoring tool of the government too. The p hotographs provide us evident to all of these. We can know these by comparing the photos before the Native Indian Kids go to boarding school and after they attend the boarding school. ByRead MoreCultural Appropriation : Culture And Appropriation1184 Words   |  5 Pagesappropriation? Well, appropriation is; the action of taking something for one’s own use, typically without the owner’s permission, so, when you put culture and appropriation together, what exactly is it? Cultural appropriation is taking a culture of minorities and using it for someone’s own benefit and use, it’s about taking a Native American war bonnet and using it to be â€Å"different† and about being fashion forward at events like Coachella, it’s about taking a holiday and calling it â€Å"Cinco de Drinko.† CulturalRead MoreThe Creation Of The Iroquois Creation Story974 Words   |  4 Pagescan deduct from the line â€Å"The rays of the sun were beginning to gro w less fierce, and the intense heat of the day lessened,† that the time of day was late afternoon. The line â€Å" Still that breathing silence, which marks the drowsy sultriness of an American landscape in July, pervaded the secluded spot,† describing the atmosphere is the only portion that can be seen as abstract, but like the rest of the setting, it does not have a magical element. The main characters in The Iroquois Creation Story

The Social Convention Of Drinking Alcohol And The Party...

Sarah, an eighteen year old female, moves from a small town in the North of England to a big city in order to attend University. The city is renowned for its nightlife. She goes from living with her parents, who she has a very strong relationship with, to moving into University halls with five females who were all the same age. Her parents practice teetotalism and have since she was born. Sarah is anxious about joining student life as she has never been interested in the social convention of drinking alcohol and the party lifestyle that is associated with being a student. She instead enjoys other things such as reading, watching films and shopping. Sarah moves in on a Sunday afternoon after everyone else has moved in, her parents leave around 2pm. After this Sarah decides to sit in the communal area in hope of making friends with the girls she lives with. Upon meeting the flat mates it becomes evident that all five are enthusiastic about the ‘party lifestyle’ and a friendship is growing between them regarding this lifestyle that they all have in common. They all talk about going out that night, after they have finished moving in and settled. Sarah feels strongly against this idea. However the other girls start pressuring her, saying things such as â€Å"Come out just for a few†, â€Å"We won’t stay out long, just maybe ‘til 3 or 4am† and â€Å"Come on, don’t be boring†. Eventually at around 10pm, she finally agrees to go out with them despite the fact she hates drinking alcohol and has toShow MoreRelatedImpact of Prohibition in The Great Gatsby1678 Words   |  7 Pagesarou nd ten years. The nineteen-twenties will always be remembered in history because of the triumphal progress in many different areas. The twenties were a time of great change in America in many different areas. The changes were in the laws, the lifestyle of women especially and the moral values that they lived by. One of the major events that sculpted this era was prohibition. In The Great Gatsby, F. Scott Fitzgerald explores the life of crime associated with prohibition causing the enormous transformationRead MoreThe Roaring 20 s Era Of Growth And Reform1309 Words   |  6 Pagesadvances in society and economy. New and different forms of dance, music, clothing, behavior, and lifestyle were developed nationwide. The Antebellum Period in the late 1700s increased rebellion, similar to the Roaring 20’s era of growth and reform. As this time period brought profound changes, conflict, cultural excitement, and experimentation, the population of America was experiencing an alter ation in social values. The American pride, similar to the pride we had when separating from the British, wasRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1861 Words   |  8 PagesHow has your understanding of the moral, social and/or political issues in The Great Gatsby been informed by an awareness of the context in which it was written? â€Å"Pleasure was the color of the time.† Harold Clurman s famous quote refers to the incredible excess and glamour of the 1920s, a reality The Great Gatsby explores to a great extent. Author F. Scott Fitzgerald s discussion of pertinent social and moral issues in the novel must be framed by a knowledge and awareness of the society in whichRead MoreRelationship Between Food, Sex And Gender Related? Essay2081 Words   |  9 PagesHow are food (including drink), sex and gender related? Introduction: According to McAllister (2006) food and drink â€Å"must be viewed as part of a broader social and cultural context† (p. 281) in order to understand the anthropological and sociological meanings of food and drink within society. This essay will apply an anthropological and sociological lens to explore the relationship between food, sex and gender. It utilises examples from anthropological and sociological literature to further explainRead MoreEssay about Alcoholism and Drug Addiction17765 Words   |  72 PagesAddiction may be conceptualized as crime without victim that is, addict himself is the victim who becomes a prey of its misuse. This devastating melody is eroding the roots of social, economic and cultural fiber of Indian Society and all across the globe. It gives rise to criminality and criminal behavior which eventually leads to social disorganization. Alcoholism and drug related offences being victimless crime, they fall in the category of public order crimes or consensual crimes. Seigal (2004) has definedRead MoreJazz : A From The Past1846 Words   |  8 Pagessparked a transformation in our nation that would forever alter the course of human history. 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Attitudes towards Foreign Companies Read MoreF. Scott Fitzgerald s The Great Gatsby2039 Words   |  9 Pagesremotely compatible with its surroundings. Gatsby’s incongruence with the society around him is illustrated by his aloof disposition at his parties and marked lack of social awareness. For instance, Gatsby invites an exhausted Carraway to a trip to Coney Island and a swim in his pool at two in the morning, exemplifying obliviousness to both the time and social convention. It is as if he has a predetermined string of dialogue for communicating with others, regardless of the situation. Consequently, inRead MoreConsumer Lifestyle in Singapore35714 Words   |  143 PagesCONSUMER LIFESTYLES IN SINGAPORE Euromonitor International December 2012 CONSUMER LIFESTYLES IN SINGAPORE Passport I LIST OF CONTENTS AND TABLES Consumer Habits in Context......................................................................................................... 1 Current Behaviour Within the Broader Economic Climate ........................................................ 1 Consumer Confidence ...................................................................................Read MoreWomen During the Gold Rush Essay example3111 Words   |  13 PagesWomen During the Gold Rush The Gold Rush was one of the most influential times in California History. During the four years from 1848-1852, 400,000 new people flooded into the state. People from many countries and social classes moved to California, and many of them settled in San Francisco. All this diversity in one place created a very interesting dynamic. California during the Gold Rush, was a place of colliding ideals. The 49ers came from a very structured kind of life to a place

Workplace Discrimination Against Women Free Essays

Workplace discrimination happens when a worker is subjected to unfavorable or unfair treatment based on nationality, caste, religion, gender and race. This means that discrimination against women at the workplace is gender based. It is inclusive of the workers who suffer retaliation due to their refusal to accept work place discrimination. We will write a custom essay sample on Workplace Discrimination Against Women or any similar topic only for you Order Now The federal law is against workplace discrimination is all areas i. e. recruitment, training, promotion, demotion and disciplinary actions. The laws that protect people against unfair treatment do so based on the protected characteristics rather than the personality or the performance of the worker. Discrimination can therefore end up being subjective to a large extent and this means that what one person may consider discriminatory, another person might not (Bartos Wehr, 2002). Forms of workplace discrimination against women Women have a right not to be discriminated against in the workplace as dictated by the international laws. However, the reality on the ground is that people do not necessarily comply with the law and this means that women are still discriminated against. They are discriminated against in several ways. One, they lack access to the labor market. Studies claim that the rate of unemployment is higher among women compared to men (Gilliland, Steiner Skarlicki, 2007). It also indicates that women have a lower participation in labor force when compared to men. There are also more women working at part time jobs than men although this might not be their choice. They further indicate that compared to men, there are more women who work for jobs they are overqualified. Statistics continue to show that among the discouraged workers i. e. the unemployed people who have stopped looking for jobs due to the unavailability of work, there are more women than men. These people are usually shut out of employment due to cultural, social, structural barriers or basically discrimination (Chirwa, 1999). Secondly, there is a big wage gap between employed men and women doing the same kind of work. Women get 15-30% less for work of same value done by men. Studies show that women are not safeguarded by higher educational achievements especially where high positions count. In several countries, the more educated a woman is, the bigger the wage gap (Gilliland, Steiner Skarlicki, 2007). Despite the fact that women live longer than men, in a lifetime, they earn less. This makes them to be less advantaged when it comes to conditions for pension insurance. They also get lesser pensions on retirement. This kind of discrimination is global affecting even the first world nations despite the existence of laws protecting women against discrimination. Thirdly, we have the issue of glass ceiling. This is the practice where women are least considered when promotions are being done. Most companies have 90% and above of men in their executive positions and the same kind of percentage of women in the lowest positions. In most cases, the higher a post is, the lesser the chance of a woman occupying it. This is irrespective of the educational level of the woman. In fact, women who manage to be at the executive positions are usually an exception to the rule. Even in the companies which are female dominated, you still find more men in the executive positions (Gregory, 2003). The major reasons for such problems are as a result of discrimination against women. The society makes women to compensate or pay a gender penalty as mothers. Most employers do not want to handle the hassles which come with motherhood and therefore, they solve the problem by employing more men than women. However, studies indicate that employers incur an increased cost of 1% or less of gross income of women workers when they hire a woman than when they employ a man. Other than the economic reasons, women are also discriminated against as a result of misguided preconceptions and stereotyping about women’s abilities and roles, leadership style and commitment (Landrine Klonoff, 1997). Sociological perspectives Workplace discrimination against women can be looked at through three sociological perspectives. The first perspective of functionalism which is built upon two emphases: a) use of similarity between society and individuals and b) applying scientific methods to the social world. The first emphasis on the society’s unity makes functionalists to hypothesize about people’s needs which have to be met in order for a social system to be there. It also makes them to consider the ways through which those needs are met by social institutions. The similarity between individuals and society is focused on the homeostatic features of social systems i. e. social systems are there to maintain balance when it is disturbed by external shocks. This is basically achieved through socializing society members to certain common norms and values which enable consensus to be achieved. In the cases where socialization is not fully sufficient to achieve so, some social control mechanisms are used to either reinstate conformity or isolate the people who can not be conventional from the society. These include gossip, sneering and sanctions (Gilliland, Steiner Skarlicki, 2007). The second emphasis asserts that the social world can be studied just like a physical world. Functionalists view social world as real and as one which can be observed through interviews and social surveys. It also assumes that the values of the investigator’s do not have to interfere with search for laws which govern social system’s behavior. This perspective tries to show that people’s behavior is usually molded by the forces in the society. Individuals are treated as puppets whose behavior is as a result of the internalized expectations and the social structure of where they were brought up or live. In relation to workplace discrimination against women, functionalists would argue that men discriminate against women because that is the way the society is (Landrine Klonoff, 1997). Conventionally, women were treated as home makers and children bearers and men as the bread winners. Although the world has evolved and women have become educated, the society still feels that men should provide and women should take care of their families. Working and earning are only seen as additional benefits of women in the society but they have to fulfill their roles as mothers and homemakers. It is not a wonder then when men do not find women competitive enough to handle the roles which men have always thought that they are theirs. At the same time, men may not feel that women should get better positions in a men’s world. The issue of maternity leaves and sick offs for pregnant women make men view them as incompetent. This explains why men are against women climbing up the ladder. Functionalists claim that is the way the social structure dictates (Chirwa, 1999). The second perspective is symbolic interactionism. This is a sociological perspective about the society and self which was founded by pragmatists. It dictates that people’s lives are lived in the symbolic field. People derive symbols from social objects which have shared meanings which they create and maintain during social interactions. Symbols usually give provision to the ways through which reality is constructed through communication and language. Reality then becomes product of the society and people’s culture, society, minds and self are based on such symbols. These are the ones which determine human conduct (Gilliland, Steiner Skarlicki, 2007). In relation to workplace discrimination against women, the society has created symbols which guide its thinking regarding how things should operate. For example, the society looks at men as leaders, heroes, heads and people who show others the way forward. The symbol that the society has created regarding women is that of submission, weakness and people who follow instructions which have already been made by men. When a woman becomes a leader, she goes against the symbols that the society has already established. This is expressed in almost all aspects of life. In movies, the heroes are always men and when we have women, they are created as people who can not make decisions. On the other hand, men who are led by women are seen as weak. This can therefore explain why men do not want to give women leadership positions because that is a symbol of weakness. When women are subjected to this kind of life, they also accept their position as followers and the ones in leadership positions are seen as exceptions to the symbols in a society (Gregory, 2003). Finally, we have the conflict theory as the third perspective of looking at discrimination against women at the workplace. This theory argues that individuals and social classes or groups in a society have different quantities of resources, both non-material and material and that the groups which have more usually make use of their power to take advantage of the ones with less power. Its believed that the people in power make use of it in order to keep their favorable positions. They use it to keep the less powerful from gaining as this would only jeopardize their position. This can then explain why women are discriminated against at the workplace. Men have had power for a long time which they gained from the favorable position that the society places them in. However, women have catch up and they also have power in terms of money and education and this threatens the men’s position in the society. Men in leadership use their power to act as barriers towards women’s progression because they do not want them taking their favorable positions. When women are discriminated against in terms of less payments and lack of career advancement, they lose their leverage to gain the power which is to the advantage of men (Bartos Wehr, 2002). Conclusion Discrimination against women makes them to be offered employment which is not gratifying. They get jobs which may not allow career advancement, jobs paying less and work which is precarious. They are also subjected to mobbing, bullying, sexual and moral harassment as well as unfriendly corporate culture. All these contribute to lower labor force participation among women which translates to economic loss in terms of higher social security and unemployment benefits, reduced tax income and lowered economic growth. This means that if men could appreciate the changes in the world and embrace the idea of career women who have equal opportunities as men, this would not only promote sound economic goals but also, it would improve social cohesion in America. How to cite Workplace Discrimination Against Women, Papers

Territorial Jurisdiction And Criminalization - Myassignmenthelp.Com

Questions: Discuss the following issues in relation to Unlawful Act manslaughter only Keiths liability for the deaths of Kurt and Janis Gingers liability for Lennys death. Answers: Answer 1 In the given case study emphasis has been laid upon the issues relating to the unlawful act of manslaughter. It is noteworthy to mention that for the purpose of the issue, the concepts relating to unlawful act and unlawful manslaughter needs to be discussed. According to the provisions of Section 1 of the Corporate Manslaughter and Corporate Homicide Act 2007, unlawful manslaughter can be defined as the act committed by a person causing death to the other person with the means of dangerous and unlawful act. In this regard an unlawful act on manslaughter is established when any act is based upon criminal activity. However for the act to be unlawful and related to manslaughter it is necessary that the act must be: Must give rise to substantial cause of death. Mens Rea. It can be stated that manslaughter gives rise to the concept of unlawful act which is associated with a criminal activity. In R v Mitchell[1] the Court of Appeal held that in order to establish the criminal activity of manslaughter it is mandatory to prove that the suspect has pledged an unlawful act, the activity was so dangerous that any person with sound mind would consider it to be harmful, the act can cause substantial death, that he crime was committed with an intention to cause harm. The Law Commission in its report- Legislating the Criminal Code Involuntary Manslaughter 1996[2], analyzed the leading offences associated with the concept of manslaughter and established the principles of constructive manslaughter. As stated by the Law Commission, it is not possible for a reasonable man to foresee the consequences of his act. In other words, a person should not be held liable for the death of another person which he did not intend or envisage and which would not have been expecte d by a person of sound mind. In the given scenario it can be observed that Keith and Ginger being heroin addicts experimented on Kurt and Janis with heroin with their consent. However it can be seen that the dose of heroin as prepared and injected by Keith was contaminated and as a result of this both Janis and Kurt died as a result of heroin overdose. It was seen that later on Keith attempted to dispose the dead bodies of Kurt and Janis. Based on the understandings of the provided case study, it can be stated that Keith has committed unlawful act of manslaughter associated with dangerous and unlawful activity which in modern context is defined as constructive manslaughter. In the given case study it is mentioned that Keith injected the dose of heroin into both Kurt and Janis with their prior consent. However it has been established in R v Cato[3] that the prior approval of the sufferer shall not avert the act from being unlawful. In R v Cato, it was seen that Mr. Cato and the victim prepared their own heroin do ses and injected into each other. In this case Mr. Cato was held liable for manslaughter and was convicted according to the provisions of Section 23 of the Offences against the Person Act 1861[4]. It was retained by the Judge that heroin is a dangerous substance which can cause death if overused in any way. It was held that the injection of heroin is associated with the cause of death and in order to establish it, it is important to trace out that whether manslaughter has taken place or not. In this case the victims consent taken by Mr. Cato before the injection of heroin however it was held by the jurists that such consent was purely irrelevant in this case. Mr. Cato claimed that heroin is not a noxious thing and do not give rise to malicious administration under the provisions of Section 23 of the Offences against the Person Act 1861[5]. It was held by the Judge in R v Cato that the act of injection of heroin was such that it will cause substantial death. Secondly, it was held tha t the consent of the victim was not a relevant facto in his case and therefore such consent cannot be used as a defense to manslaughter. Thirdly, it was held that the possession of heroin was unlawful and Mr. Cato kept the injection of heroin in his possession even after having knowledge about its harmful consequences. Finally it was established that heroin is a harmful substance and is described as a noxious thing for the purposes of Section 23 of the Offences against the Person Act 1861[6]. It was held that since the administration acted deliberately and therefore it was not required to find the scope of maliciousness. The findings of the abovementioned case law can be used to establish the point that whether Keith is liable for the death of Kurt and Janis. In this regard it can be stated that, Keith was aware of the fact that heroin is potentially harmful substance which can cause death if overdosed. However even after knowing about the consequences of the injection of such harmful substance Keith kept them in possession and injected it on his Kurt and Janis. It can be observed that though Kurt and Janis gave their consent however such consent is irrelevant in this case. Finally, it can be stated that Keith is liable for the deaths of Kurt and Janis and has committed the unlawful act of manslaughter. Answer 2 Mens rea can be defined as the mental element which is an important concept in establishing the rules of substantive criminal law. The conception of mens rea was derived from the maxim actus non facit reum, nisi mens sit rea. The concept of mens rea is an essential ingredient in order to establish criminal offence. In order to establish the fact that the accused have committed the criminal offence with a guilty mind it is required to establish that the accused have committed the crime with an intention. In this regard it is important to prove that the accused have committed the crime by foreseeing its consequences along with a criminal intention. The concept of mens rea also applies to unlawful act of manslaughter. It is pertinent that the unlawful act of men rea is associated with the intention of the accused and recklessness depending on the case. In some cases it has been observed that he accused do not realize that their acts could cause serious harm to the victim. It has been st ated in R v Lamb[7] that if no mens rea has been established for the unlawful act then the respondent shall not be accountable. The importance of mens rea in the concept of unlawful act of manslaughter can be explained with the help of a similar case study. In R v Dawson[8] it was observed that the accused approached a petrol station which was in the possession of a 50 year old man. The accused along with a gang attempted robbery with the help of imitation gun. The accused along with his gang demanded money however they did not touch the attendant. The attendant had serious pre-existing hear condition and he died due to the mishap created by the accused and his gang. The accused was not aware of such health condition of the accused. The accused was charged with unlawful act of manslaughter and convicted for the same. It was held by the Court that the accused have committed the crime without knowing the consequences. The defendant had no knowledge regarding the pre-existing heart condition of the station assistant and therefore he had not committed the crime with a guilty mind. The appeal of the defendant was allowed on the ground that the act of the defendant was not as such to give rise to unlawful act. An act in order to be unlawful must be dangerous and the defendant should be able to foresee the consequences of such dangerous act. The act was not considered to be dangerous by the Court of Justice on the ground that any reasonable person would not consider the act to be dangerous. In the present case study it can be observed that Ginger went to confront Lenny, the person who provided them with the heroin. It was observed that during such meeting with Lenny, Ginger became enraged and slammed his fist against the desk of Lenny. Lenny was in his 60s and was suffering from serious heart condition which was unknown to Ginger. Lenny died due to sudden heat attack due to Gingers cause of action. Based on the understandings of the concept of mens rea, it can be stated that Ginger was not aware of the prevailing heart condition of Lenny. The act committed by Lenny cannot be considered as dangerous as any reasonable man in common would not consider such act to be dangerous. In this regard, it can be stated that Lenny did not foresee the consequences that could arise as a result of his act. It can therefore be established that Ginger is not liable for the death of Lenny. Bibliography: Current Issue, 'Territorial Jurisdiction And Criminalization | University Of Toronto Law Journal' (Utpjournals.press, 2018) https://www.utpjournals.press/doi/abs/10.3138/utlj.1117-3 accessed 6 January 2018 R V Cato [1976] 1 WLR 110 R V Dawson (1985) 81 Cr App R 150 R V Lamb 1967 2 QB 981 R v Mitchell[1983] QB 741 'Serious Violence By People With Mental Illnessjournal Of Interpersonal Violence - Sandra Flynn, Cathryn Rodway, Louis Appleby, Jenny Shaw, 2014' (Journals.sagepub.com, 2018) https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0886260513507133 accessed 6 January 2018 'Still Killing With Impunity: Corporate Criminal Law Reform In The UK' (Taylor Francis, 2018) https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14774003.2013.11667790 accessed 6 January 2018 'Unlawful And Dangerousthe Journal Of Criminal Law - Tony Storey, 2017' (Journals.sagepub.com,2018)https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0022018317694715 accessed 6 January 2018 [1] [1983] QB 741 [2] 'Still Killing With Impunity: Corporate Criminal Law Reform In The UK' (Taylor Francis, 2018) https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14774003.2013.11667790 accessed 6 January 2018. [3] [1976] 1 WLR 110 [4] 'Serious Violence By People With Mental Illnessjournal Of Interpersonal Violence - Sandra Flynn, Cathryn Rodway, Louis Appleby, Jenny Shaw, 2014' (Journals.sagepub.com, 2018) https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0886260513507133 accessed 6 January 2018. [5] Unlawful And Dangerousthe Journal Of Criminal Law - Tony Storey, 2017' (Journals.sagepub.com, 2018) https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0022018317694715 accessed 6 January 2018. [6] Current Issue, 'Territorial Jurisdiction And Criminalization | University Of Toronto Law Journal' (Utpjournals.press, 2018) https://www.utpjournals.press/doi/abs/10.3138/utlj.1117-3 accessed 6 January 2018. [7] (1967) 2 QB 981 [8] (1985) 81 Cr App R 150

A day in Buna (holocaust) essays

A day in Buna (holocaust) essays During the years of 1933-1939, the German Nazis party began the invasion of the Jewish people. Prior to the outbreak of World War II, Hitler had addressed that the Jews would have to be destroyed if war should come. The will to kill the Jews was embedded in their beliefs not infused by external conditions. Hitlers actions were carried out in many concentration camps. In 1939, Adolf Hitler began to move the Jews into ghettos as the war start. A ghetto, in Europe, is like a China Town or a Little Italy. Something where people of one race or one religion get together to live. Now, lets imagine what ghetto life was like. We are humans who only want to be treated like humans not animals. We have been here for a few weeks already, and the bad condition of living here is unbearable, which I interpret it as the following example. Suppose youre here, and in the next two hours, while youre looking and reading, it snows six inches and hour. So in two hours, the snow out there is going to be a good foot deep, which leads to great difficulty of getting home. Now there isnt enough food for you. Although there are enough restrooms, but we all have to stand in line in order to fit approximately ten families. Also, there arent any beds. Therefore, there arent any comforts. There are some water provided, but its a limited amount, which is about six gallons a day. The health and welfare of all who are here is extremely poor. They are depriving us of basic needs to survive. We hardly get any food as they only feed us bread, water and soup called gruel. It doesnt have much in it, it is only enough to keep us alive to work for them. The people who are running this place (S.S officers) are killing hundreds of us weekly for no reason. The Nazis are treating us inhumanely, torturing and killing us, using execution, poisonous gasses, forced labor, star ...

Minerva Mirabal Essays

Minerva Mirabal Essays Minerva Mirabal Paper Minerva Mirabal Paper In The Time of Minerva Malabar In my tenth grade literature class this year I had the opportunity to read a book that I had never thought about reading. To my surprise, once I started reading I couldnt stop. The book was titled, In The Time of The Butterflies. This book spoke of four sisters who were just trying to survive. One of the sisters, however, decided she wouldnt Just survive, she would fight. This young woman was known as Minerva Miramar, the outspoken butterfly. How would you treat your half sisters and your fathers mistress? With hatred and anger Sibyl, or would you give them love like Minerva Miramar did? It takes a strong person like Minerva to do something as astonishing as this. A strong person that Is destined to change the world one life at a time, and she did Just that. Minerva Malabar Is the name of a woman that will always live on. She went through many different hardships and roadblocks, but she never stopped persevering. She was one of the people, who even during Truffles reign of terror never gave up hope. Throughout Minerals time of rebelling people often forgot to look at Minerals life as a whole. Minerva Miramar was the daughter of a man named Unripe Miramar. She had three sisters, or so she thought. Half way through Minerals short life she found out about her fathers mistress and Minerals other four sisters. At first sight Minerva was outraged. She did not think that anything like this was possible. She even went as far as crashing her car into her fathers while he was at his mistress house. What she did next was even more astonishing. Minerva forgave her father. Forgiving her father was Just a little of what we know about Minerva Miramar. However, this Is enough to let us know what type of person she was. Minerva was the type of person that cared more for others than herself. Even when she was In Jail she made sure that all the woman had what they needed. Minerva constantly put others before herself. Once Minerva started to realize the predicament her father got himself in she started to help. If Unripe Miramar wasnt able to bring the girls money or other items Minerva would. Once Unripe died Minerva decided to enroll her younger sisters into school. Minerva wanted to make everything possible for the girls that was possible for her. She felt that it was her duty to make sure that the girls grew up right. It is amazing to think that even while Minerva was fighting Trujillo regime she would not give up on her family. She showed this by taking care of her sisters. Not Just the ones that she grew up with, but also the ones she barely found out about. This shows everyone how good of a person Minerva was inside and out. She was as gentle as a butterfly and Just as determined. I know that this essay does not do Minerva Malabar Justice. I Just hope that It gets people to start to understand. I want this essay to be the start of peoples understanding of the Marsupials. Once this essay is read I wish that the reader becomes as intrigued in the peoples minds every now and again.

Patient Monitoring in Pharmacy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Patient Monitoring in Pharmacy - Essay Example These can help the patient in recovering since there someone who will guide and instruct him in his medications. What is the importance in patient monitoring in Pharmacy Patient monitoring can be beneficial to patients who are suffering from cancers and other severe diseases. Since pharmacist are the one who specializes in their medication it is best to be monitored by individual who knows what will happen if you where not able to take your medicine on time. The monitoring can also help in cases of side effects of medications. The pharmacy will be the one who checks your medications and monitor the availability of the medicines needed. For some it is not necessary to have a pharmacist monitoring their medication but once properly guided and oriented about the importance of monitoring, they will be able to understand the need for it. How should a pharmacist organize a drug monitoring plan To organize the drug monitoring plan you need someone to handle the said monitoring.

Regarding Consolidation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Regarding Consolidation - Essay Example focused on the performance, duration, management and commitment needed for a company’s success and to take measures based on such facts (Sirkin, Keenan & Jackson, 2005, pp.1-5). This study clearly associated with Kotter’s consolidation as the measures are addressed towards the changes needed for the benefit of the organization. Haddad through his studies has reflected the importance of evaluation on technology advancements. He stressed on the fact that technological advancements are necessary in the improvements of organizational performance and hence ongoing management is an essential part of an organization’s management procedure (Haddad, 2002, pp.119-129). This concept also relates positively to Kotter’s consolidation as it focuses on following measures that would bring change and benefit the company through its improved performances. 2) Sirkin, H.L., Keenan, P. & A. Jackson (2005). The Hard Side of Change Management, Harvard Business Review, Retrieved on November 4, 2011 from:

Organisational behaviour Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Organisational behaviour - Essay Example This department would require less personal factors, such as meeting vendors face-to-face at the social level, which would appeal to the authoritarian personality. Intuitive-thinkers would likely perform well at a company such as Google which uses a more idealistic type of organisational structure which encourages ongoing feedback. Workers at this organisation are encouraged to build relationships with colleagues and managers and to give their unique innovations about how to change process or improve business services. This company seems to have the controls and divisions of labour necessary to make the business function, but is idealistic in terms of long-term strategy and scope. The IT would perform best in the customer care division, solving abstract problems of consumers related to their computer systems or business software. The intuitive-feeler would enjoy working with an organisation like Save the Whales, where management would be very broadly defined and it would be a more self-managed environment. Discussions in this decentralized organisation would often occur through email channels or mobile technologies as most of the organisation’s activities occur offsite and in remote parts of the world. The goal of this organisation is to make a considerable contribution to mankind by preserving wildlife. The fundamental mission of the business would appeal to the IT personality. This individual would likely work best in any division which allows for offsite job function. Working directly with the endangered animals and also having no immediate authoritarian to supervise the remote work would likely fulfil the intuitive-feeler at the emotional level. This remote environment would offer independence to the IT and a sense of autonomy. The sensation-feeler would thrive best in an organisation such as NetApp, rated the number one company to work for on Forbe’s 100 Best List. The business has a very down-to-earth leadership team and offers

Treating Every Child As Unique Individual Children And Young People Essay

Treating Every Child As Unique Individual Children And Young People Essay Children are unique. They are individuals and no two children are alike: physically, emotionally, socially and intellectually, Because children are unique, even if there are common needs and characteristics that children of a particular age or stage of development share, they must be understood by their parents and teachers in their uniqueness, and their individuality must be respected. The benefits of treating every child as unique individual: Help to develop their personalities, talents and abilities irrespective of ethnicity, culture or religion, home language, family background, learning difficulties, disabilities or gender. This guidance helps adults to understand and support each individual childs development pathway. Make child responsible for this own actions, giving him the independence so many seek, typically acting out as teenager while trying to assert his independence. Listen to your advice and reasoning and take the more responsible choice. Treat them as equals in every aspect of your daily life and you will be rewarded with honest, caring children that make good choices that celebrate them for the unique individuals they are. Babies and children are vulnerable and become resilient and confident if they have support from others, also receive the chance to learn about other cultures and develop critical socialization skills that will serve them well. By treat each child as unique individual we designing an environment that positively influencing all areas of childrens development: physical, social /emotional, and cognitive. Language and learning are nurtured in an environment that values and plans appropriate opportunities which can support the development of behaviours that are valued in our society, such as cooperation and persistence. An aesthetically pleasing space can develop a childs appreciation for the beautiful world around them. Help children and youth become full participating citizens of society and help to build a sense of community. Question 2: Describe how the principles of anti-discriminatory practice can be applied to practice. Anti-Discriminatory Practice is an action taken to prevent discrimination against people on the grounds of race, class, gender, disability etc (see entry above). Anti-discriminatory practice promotes equality by introducing anti-discrimination policies in the workplace (i.e. the care settings.), Also known as anti-oppressive practice. All employees in a care setting should promote this practice in the workplace as it is way to combating prejudice, in doing so they are trying to eradicate discrimination and promote equality for service users and for staff. Kind of discrimination: 1.Overt discrimination this is when someone is openly discriminating against an individual, an example of this is a health and social care setting paying a male nurse more money than a female nurse for the same job, directly because of their gender. In the health care sector, overt discrimination is more likely to be seen in the way a patient is treated by staff. 2.Covert discrimination Covert discrimination can be best described as being hidden away. An example of this is three individuals applying for the same job as a nurse; they should all be shortlisted using the same criteria. However, if the shortlist panel decided not to call someone for an interview based on their name or area they lived in, this would be covert discrimination. Children have a right to non-discrimination. This means that all children, without exception, should enjoy their rights to effective protection. The rights of all children and young people are stated in the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (1989). The UK government ratified the treaty in 1991 and must ensure that the rights of children in the UK are protected through law. These rights are extensive and include the right to education and the right for children to have their views respected, No child will be discriminated against on the grounds of sex, race, religion, colour or creed. Wherever possible those designated disabled or disadvantaged will be considered for a place, taking into account their individual circumstances and the ability of the nursery to provide the necessary standard of care The promotion of anti-discriminatory practice should underpin all work in settings. It is not sufficient to have policies in place which make statements about anti-discriminatory practice or just to pay lip service to it, they must demonstrate anti-discriminatory practice. They must also monitor the ways that positive practice impacts on the education and well-being of the children and young people. As a member of the care setting team we should share responsibility to ensure that anti-discriminatory practice is promoted, and must also recognise when discrimination is happening. The Nursery will strive to ensure that all services and projects are accessible and Relevant to all groups and individuals in the community within targeted age groups. We will strive to promote equal access to services and projects by taking practical steps such as ensuring access to disabled people and producing material in relevant languages and media. It is important to practice anti -discrimination to ensure that everyone is included and has the opportunity to fully access any areas of learning within the framework. Providing an inclusive environment for children enables them to develop self esteem and confidence. It shows them that they are valued and respected as unique individuals regardless of any additional needs, family and ethnic background, eliminate unlawful discrimination; promote equal opportunities; and promote good relation. The Nursery and staff are committed to: Encourage positive role models, displayed through toys, imaginary play and activities that promote non-stereotyped images. Books will be selected to promote such images of men and women, boys and girls. All children will be encouraged to join in activities, i.e. dressing up, shop, home corner, dolls, climbing on large apparatus, bikes, etc. Regularly review child-care practice to ensure the policy is effective Ensure that individuals are recruited, selected, trained and promoted on the basis of occupational skill requirements. In this respect, the Nursery will ensure that no job applicant or employee will receive less favourable treatment on the grounds of age, gender, marital status, race, religion, colour, cultural or national origin or sexuality, which cannot be justified as being necessary for the safe and effective performance of the work or training for the work Question 3: Describe why it is important to plan activities that meet the individual needs of children. Children of different ages have different needs. These needs are based on each childs stage of growth and development. Remember that two children of the same age can be similar in some ways but different in other ways. Try to understand the unique characteristics of each child. This helps children to feel good about them. This will also help you plan activities that are developmentally appropriate for each child. Appropriate activities help children learn and are lots of fun. The planning process helps to set goals for children and aims for staff. It is directed at what children need and defines how the practitioners supporting them are going to provide for this effectively. Planning also means the environment is kept fresh and children are given new choices in their play. The importance of planning activates meeting childrens individuals needs is: Promote development. Some children develop and learn faster than others and it is partly our responsibility to ensure all childrens needs are cared for no matter what stage of development they are at. Identify the exact learning needs of children by carrying out observations which can show us clearly what stage of development each individual child is at, to compare each child against milestones for that age and stage of development and then we begin to plan to meet the learning needs of certain children who are not meeting milestones and also plan to accommodate for those children who are over excelling the milestones. Children will develop better if there are adequate numbers of staff/adults present, taking into account the correct staff ratios for each particular age of children. With more hands on around the setting children will benefit greatly so Plan how many adults/staff should be present for a particular day/activity, by doing so there is a higher chance of meeting all of the childrens needs. Have successful planning that will support childrens independence, and a well organised environment that will make it easy for the children to find and to put away activities of their choosing. This doesnt mean rigidity, lack of choice or the loss of spontaneity for children. The well-designed and carefully structured environment will be planned in a way that means those working with children are clear and confident about developmental, play or learning needs, and what and how they are providing for these needs . Effective planning means that contingencies can be dealt with easily, so staff know where and how they can source materials quickly and according to the required need of the child, Good planning allows opportunities for change to occur and provides a backdrop of support for childrens all-round development. Question 4: Explain how the practitioner can promote childrens physical and emotional well-being within an early years setting. When children have positive early experiences with physical activity they are more likely to enjoy being active later in life and this will contribute to their long term physical, social and psychological health. Children benefit from having a wide choice of gross motor experiences that are non-competitive and focussed on having fun. The role of the practitioner in supporting childrens physical and emotional well-being To provide a balanced programme of activities to support the physical development and well being of the children To provide sufficient space (indoors and outdoors), time and resources to allow effective physical development Providing material and equipment for the improvement of fine motor skills Providing cooking, sewing, woodwork and other activities to enhance hand-eye coordination. To provide time, opportunity and support for children with motor impairments or physical disabilities to develop their physical skills.   If appropriate this will include working with outside agencies such as physiotherapists The programme of work should include some or all of the following types of activity: Movement: 1. Group games involving running, jumping and hopping. 2. Group games involving movement followed by stopping. 3. Moving to music. 4. Balancing activities and games. 5. Play on a range of landscapes. Sense of Space: Role plays activities giving children the opportunity to create pathways. 2. Giving the children the opportunity to create their own spaces (e.g. tent from blankets). 3. Group games that involve following or imitating. 4. Encourage games and activities that involve sharing resources with other children. 5. Discussions about body parts and bodily activity . 6. Singing action songs (e.g. Head, shoulders, knees and toes). Health and Bodily Awareness 1. Discussions about keeping safe, fit and healthy. 2. Discussions about eating a healthy diet. 3. Encouraging children to make decisions by choosing between different types of food. 4. Making and eating food from a range of cultures that can form part of a healthy diet. 5. Providing opportunities for children to talk about health issues. When we talk about emotional development, we are referring to childrens growing ability to: Identify and understand their own feelings Accurately read and understand the feelings of others Manage the way they feel Shape the way they behave Develop empathy for others, and Build and keep good relationships with friends, family and others. From the time they are born, children quickly develop their abilities to experience and express different emotions, as well as their capacity to cope with and manage a variety of feelings. To support the childrens emotional well-being practitioner roles are: Work in partnership with parents in order to find out about the childs experiences, culture and home background, to build up a profile of each child, using information supplied by parents as the starting point. Being warm and affectionate towards them. Giving them the opportunity to express how they feel , Help the children gain an understanding of their feelings through the use of books, board games, puppets, interactive storytelling or role-plays and Help children to understand the difference between their own and other peoples feelings. Making them feel secure and valued Giving children time and attention to adjust to new situations Observe the childs nonverbal behaviour for clues as to how he or she is feeling. Problem solve with the child by encouraging him or her to think of options and decide what constructive action to take Keep lines of communication open.

The Microraptor Fossil Discovery Sheds Light on the Evolution of Flight

The Microraptor Fossil Discovery Sheds Light on the Evolution of Flight A recent discovery in northeastern China might shine new light on the evolution of flight for birds. This has been a highly debated topic for some time, since scientists are uncertain if flight began in trees or on the ground. The recent discovery of the Microraptor gui may provide evidence for either side of this particular heated debate. The Microraptor is a small carnivorous dinosaur that has long feathers attached to the hind limbs, arms and tail. The feathered limbs are thought to be a â€Å"four-winged† gliding characteristic of the Microraptor. Given that the feathers were used for gliding instead of flying, this supports the theory that flight began in the trees and not on land. If so, this finding will be seen as a very important stage in the evolution of flight for a bird. The Microraptor fossil was discovered in the lakebeds of Liaoning, China. This finding has been proven to be that of a carnivorous vertebrate, which belongs to the dromaeosaurid species. The dromaeosaurid has long been considered to be a non-avian theropod. This discovery was made by Xu Xing and his colleges who are referred to as the Jehol Group. The Microraptor is a small dinosaur, with a length of only roughly 30.3 inches. It has a long tail and contains approximately 26 vertebrate, which is actually a relatively small number. A characteristic that makes the Microraptor different from other dromaeosaurids is that its sternum is a single flat plate rather than two unfused plates. The Microraptor's trunk length is relatively short, but it nevertheless makes up about 50% of the hind limb length. The Microraptor is considered a Dromaeosauridae because of its siz... ...es in the future. Work Cited â€Å"Amazing New Feathered Dinosaur Found In China† Dinohunters.com 26 April 2001. 31 March 2004. . Hecht Jeff. â€Å"Micro-raptor† Newscientist.com 06 December 2000. 31 March 2004. . Padian Kevin. â€Å"Four-winged dinosaurs, bird precursors, or neither?† Bioscience May 2003. 31 March 2004. . Xing Xu, Zhonghe Zhou, Xiaolin Wang, Xuewen Kuang, Fucheng Zhang and Xiangke Du. â€Å"Four-winged dinosaurs from China† Nature 23 January 2003. 31 March 2004. .

Abraham Lincoln

Abraham Lincoln was considered by many historians as the Greatest American President. He was the sixteenth United States president, guided his country to the most devastating experience in its national history-the Civil War. Still, it can be said that President Lincoln went through several challenges even from his early age. Truly, we can learn many things from his life’s experiences and especially in his ideology, things that made him really worthy of being called the â€Å"Greatest American President†.In order to appreciate and really learn from the life of Abraham Lincoln, let us look closely to the life of Abraham Lincoln, his difficulties and struggles and especially his achievements. February 12, 1809 on a Sunday morning, Nancy Lincoln, Thomas Lincoln’s wife had given birth to a baby boy named after his grandfather Abraham in a log cabin Hardin bed of poles on the farm of Nolin Creek near Hodgenville, Kentucky. This area is now part of Larue country, the ar ea in which now is being considered the frontier. Bought of his parents are never had an education. His father Thomas worked as a farmer and a carpenter.Nancy Lincoln, his mother could not even write. Definitely, Abraham grew up literally without having or experiencing a formal education until his early age. Amazingly, during the year 1815, Abraham Lincoln at a very young age had already learned his ABC’s through his effort and trough the help of his teacher named Zachariah Riney. He has spent his spare time on a log school house. He attended classes with Sarah his sisters two years older than him. They sometimes attended school taught by their neighbor Caleb Hasel. At the age of seven their family moved to southern Indiana where he continues school after their migration to Kentucky.Abraham attends his school punctually, he always wears with him his raccoon cap, he only had his buckskin clothes and his pant that was wrecked as a marked of its age that by the time became too s hort for him that his calves were already exposed. At home Abraham heard verses and scriptures read from the family bible. The family of Abraham was all members of Baptist congregation and worshippers but due to the opposition to the slavery they had become separated in the congregation to another church. He was once saved from being drowned by his friend and Austin Gollaher.His family decided to stay near Gentryville in the Southern Indiana late in the year 1816. Nancy, his mother had died on the 5th day of October due to a disease contracted by drinking poisonous milk from cows known as milk sicknesses. And because of poverty Abraham may recall by then carving pegs to be able to provide his mother a coffin. He drags the coffin which was made by a green pine. They buried her without having a formal funeral service. At later year his father married a widow Sarah Bush Johston, she stand as a good mother to them and Abraham loves her as his real mother.She also encourages Abraham to e ducation. On the following year-1821, Abraham because of his eagerness to gain knowledge, learn and be thought with by man things began to borrow books from their fellow citizen. With all of those available books he begins reading it all keenly. He read books such as Arabian Nights, Robinson Crusoe as well as books of fables or the Aesop’s Fables. It was 1882 when he first attended James Swaney’s classes and this last about four months. Although his school attended taught by Azel Dorsey ended quickly, he never stops learning and learning, he made his self-education rewardingly.He read everything he could; he never stops reading and learning variety of subjects including mathematics, literature and law. Additionally, during his spare time he studied Law and become a successful Lawyer in the year 1836. On 1825 Abraham has been able to owned his personal book written by Parson Mason Weems â€Å"Life of Washington† which he worked and paid for the worth from Josiah Crawford, his neighbor when the book become soaked with rain. Abraham’s wife Mary Ann Todd was born on December 13, 1818. Abraham on 1831 decided to depart with his family and leave by his own.He began to formulate his own opinions as he saw some abuse happening during his second time around flatboat trip to New Orleans. He then moved to Illinois and start on getting closer with Ann the daughter of the house he boarded. Aside from operating a store he also works into several jobs such as surveying and serving as a post master while staying at Illinois. The people were all get impressed by his good character she actually gained the nick name â€Å"Honest Abe†. Mary Ann and Abraham had four sons but Robert Lincoln was the only one who survived into adulthood.Abraham believes that the government should be a force of good deeds and positive purpose whose desires are to serve the people. That is why he believes that he must have a high position to the government in order fo r him to be a more influential leader so that he can able to achieve his goal. And because of the eagerness he has in his heart his strong aspiration makes him entered politics. And to become the president of the United States becomes his burning desire. It was August 1, year 1831 when Abraham cast his first ballot. In 1832, at the age of 23 he unsuccessfully ran for Illinois Legislature.After two years he became elected for the lower house 1834, 1836, 1838 until 1841 and won all 4 times for the first of four consecutive terms. He ran eight in the field of 13 candidates for the position. Lincoln being the member of a Whig party had become able to give his support to the Illinois State Bank, the second bank of the United States. It was 1856 when he was still a Whig member and soon became a republican. The government has sponsored internal improvements such as roads, canals, railroads, harbors, protective tariffs and other navigational improvements.His first flat forms announced that, time and experience verified that the poorest and the most thinly populated countries would be greatly benefited by supporting this improvement on the Sangamon River because he believed that it will allow those poor areas near the river to flourish by attracting steamboat traffic. Lincoln is not like most politicians in his time, he considered everyone to be equal. He recognized the presence of everyone in the community, he even considered farmers as no more or less than anyone else. He had sympathy to labor; evidence that he did not forget his past and that humility is still in his personality.As early as 1837, Lincoln stated his opposition to slavery stating that it was the opposite of opportunity and as well as mobility. Lincoln ran and the United States House of Representative and has won it in 1846. He became popular for opposing slavery and Washington’s Mexican War. He returned home and practiced hi Law and tried to have more focused on it more than before. Unfortunate ly, the next following years for him were the year of struggles. But because of his determination and eagerness to pursue things he begin he never let all of this down failed and discouraged him in reaching his dreams.Kansas-Nebraska Act in 1854 renewed his interest in politics. Though he became unsuccessful in his ran for the bid for the U. S. Senate in 1855, in the year 1856 nomination for the Republican vice-president he by then received some support. In the same year he also have his speech of opposing the Dred Scott decision in the year 1857 known as the â€Å"Lost Speech†. He had also given his legendary speech, the â€Å"House Divided† June 16, 1858. Furthermore, Lincoln had also engaged in series of debates also on the year 1858 with Stephen A. Douglas who won the Senatorial race.He was definitely not an abolitionist but just in opposition to the increase of slavery into the country. In 1860, he has received national recognition and promotes his national reputa tion in New York at the Cooper with a successful speech. His perseverance and hard work paid of when he finally became the sixteenth president of the United States. However, during this time the due to the south is dependent on slavery in order to prosper and because of this conflicts arise between the north and south and the south decided to form their own union.Being the newly elected president of a United States, Abraham Lincoln prioritized saving the original union even if this means the start of the civil war. The civil war arises in 1861 and on the 19th of November 1863, Lincoln delivered a speech on a battle field that is near Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. The said speech is said to have shaped the United States’ destiny and is known as the â€Å"Gettysburg Address†. The speech contains Lincoln’s vision of a nation that is conceived by liberty and equality among its citizens.In his Inaugural Address, he warned the South saying, â€Å"In your hands, my dissat isfied fellow countrymen, and not in mine, is the momentous issue of civil war, the government will not assail you. † (Bush, 2007). Lincoln added, â€Å"You have no oath registered in heaven to destroy the government, while I shall have the most solemn one to preserve, protect and depend it† (Bush, 2007). Even without that much experience, the succeeding years of civil war had proved that Lincoln is one the most extraordinary leaders that the United States had ever seen.Lincoln had shown good leadership ability, morally and also politically. He saw that the war is a fight against secession and not against slavery and on September 1862, he announced the Emancipation Proclamation that interprets the war as a form of crusade against slavery. In 1865, slavery was legally ended through the passage of the Thirteenth Amendment. It is also in the Gettysburg Address that the famous idea of Lincoln of â€Å"government of the people. by the people, for the people† had been made known and he define the civil war as a struggle against such idea of the government.Civil War were lasted for about four long years and this years of struggles were ended in 1865 and cause the death of American people of more than half a million lives. Still, the president’s view and dream of a nation was realized, a nation that is united where people are free from slavery. President Lincoln, together with his wife went to Washington, DC in the Ford Theater to celebrate the end of the civil war. However, the victory of the president in uniting the nation does not pleased everyone and one of them is John Wilkes Booth, an actor of the play in Ford Theater. Booth shot President Lincoln that cause the president’s death.Up to now, the memory of President Lincoln still lives in the heart and memories of his fellow countrymen, guiding every American and the whole world to create a good nation and a better world where everyone is equal regardless of our distinction. Presi dent Abraham Lincoln is truly one of a kind and deserves our respect and the honor given to him, even greater. Not only his views and principles are admirable but also how he achieved his dreams and everything the he went through makes him even more worthy of our respect. References A&E Television Networks. (2007). Abraham Lincoln Biography (1809-65). RetrievedDecember 02, 2007 from http://www. biography. com/search/article. do? id=9382540. Bush, J. W. (No Date). Abraham Lincoln. Retrieved December 02, 2007 from http://www. whitehouse. gov/history/presidents/al16. html Cyber Nation. (2004). The Compelling Story of Abraham Lincoln. Retrieved December 02, 2007 from http://www. cybernation. com/lincoln_bio. html Norton, R. ,J. (2007). An Overview of Abraham Lincoln's Life. Retrieved December 02, 2007 from http://home. att. net/~rjnorton/Lincoln77. html Norton, R. , J. (2007). A Brief Biography of Abraham Lincoln. Retrieved December 02, 2007 from http://members. aol. com/RVSNorton/Linco ln23. html

Tarkenton Essays - National Football League, American Football

Tarkenton Essays - National Football League, American Football Tarkenton Francis Asbury Tarkenton was born in Richmond, Virginia, To the Pastor Dallas Tarkenton. He grew up in Georgia, where he played played football. Although he was an all-state quarterback in high school and an All-American at the University of Georgia, he was not chosen in the professional draft of 1961 until the third round, when the Vikings, a newly established team, selected him. He won the starting quarterback position as a Rookie and with the Vikings led the team to an upset of the Chicago Bears in the team's first professional game. From the beginning of his professional career Tarkenton used his ability to elude tacklers and rush for yardage, which became his trademark. The coaches of the Vikings criticized his improvisations on the playing field, and after the 1966 season he was traded to the Giants, where he played from 1967 to 1971. In 1972 Tarkenton was traded back to the Vikings, leading them to the National Football Conference (NFC) Central Division title for six consecutive seasons (1973-1978) and to three Super Bowl games (1974, 1975, and 1977), all of which the Vikings lost. During the 1975 Super bowl Dallas Tarkenton Died of a Heart Attack while watching his son play football in his home. Dallas Tarkenton never understood or liked football but always watched his son play. Francis said this about his father, Daddy didnt know about football, so he might not understand how it could become that desperately important to a civilized person. But he did know humanity and therefore would not see it as an evil thing. Slowed by injuries, he played for a final season in 1978 and then retired. During his playing career Tarkenton developed a successful business career, which he continued after his retirement. He was American football player, a quarterback noted for his ability to run with the ball while looking for a receiver. He set numerous National Football League (NFL) passing records during his professional career with the Minnesota Vikings and New York Giants and was elected to the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1986.

Why Sports Are an Important Part of High School Life

Why Sports Are an Important Part of High School Life Sports Are an Important Part of High School Life"Hard work spotlights the character of people: some turn up their sleeves, some turn up their noses, and some don't turn up at all." Sam Ewig explains the way many people react to hard work. These habits begin to appear in many of our lives when we are young and introduced to sports such as soccer and football which challenge our physical and mental abilities. Every teenager has a sport that fits him and his personality. For instance, if a teen were the quiet, not so active type, then maybe golf would be a good sport for him. If there is an active, competitive, and more talkative teen, then football may be the perfect sport. Every sport betters anyone in or out of high school physically and mentally. Playing a high school sport betters teens all around inside and out. High School sports benefit students by helping them do well in school as well as helping them "fit in", they also benefit the community.High School John Shelley TimSports keep teens well behaved at school and in class. Sports reduce the number of fights, and bad classroom behavior. In order to play any sport in high school, the students must maintain good grades. If they fail to make the grades, they are either dismissed from the team, or they must take a study hall before each practice for at least 30 minutes, sometimes even for the whole practice until his or her grade comes up to a passing grade. In most high schools, there are problems with attendance from the students. If a player does not come to school, then they may not go to practice or attend the game that day. In almost every organized high school sport, if a student is absent so many...

PPDB1Kan I qabu san Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

PPDB1Kan I qabu san - Article Example My main focus will be on bipolar disorder; hence an important part of my goal is to clearly understand bipolar disorder, policy issues related to this condition as well as identify the role of nurses in advocacy and in addressing the various policy issues related to bipolar disorder. Through this course, I wish to clearly understand my expected role as a nurse and to be able to assess how successful I have been in playing each of the expected roles. I especially need to identify my role as an advocate and as an active player in policy promotion and formulation. With my interest being on bipolar disorder, assessing my political involvement in addressing the illness and its various issues is one way through which I have been able to understand my major strengths and weaknesses with regard to advocacy and contribution made towards the successful address of this condition (Jansen & Zwygart-Stauffacher, 2009), and in turn been able to identify the various areas that I need to improve on to ensure that I effectively take up an active role as a nurse and advocate, and in the promotion and implementation of existing and new policies related to bipolar disorder. My case study is that related to bipolar disorder, a mental disorder that leads to changes in a person’s moods, ability to work or undertake numerous activities as well as shifts in energy (Goodwin & Sachs, 2010). The illness is mainly characterized by numerous mood swings, irritability, feelings of hopelessness and sadness and suicidal thoughts and attempts (NIMH, 2012). The case study relates to a bipolar disorder patient once brought under my care. The patient, Paul (name changed for confidentiality), had been brought into the hospital showing a number of behaviors that led to the diagnosis of the disorder. The abnormal behaviors were characterized by pacing up and down, incoherent fast speech, suicidal thoughts and increased irritability. Further inquiries from his sister indicated that Paul was

The Appellate Courts Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Appellate Courts - Research Paper Example The legal system of most countries has various levels and as a result, if one of the participants in a case feels discontented/feels that a lower-level court has not judged his or her case fairly; he/she may decide to file a formal appeal, requesting that the case be reviewed in an appellate court. In the event that the appellate court discovers that the lower court erred or used the incorrect legal procedure, for instance, it may decide to overturn the original verdict. History.com documents that the United States’ Supreme Court is a famous example of an appellate court. It is considered as a court of last resort or final appeal – once it hands down a decision, there does not exist a higher court of appeals. The appellate court system guarantees that individuals who desire to make an appeal can do so. A lawyer/team of lawyers has the responsibility of filing an appeal, and experience with the process of appeal is very useful, seeing that it can aid in the achievement o f the desired result. History of the US Appellate Courts The United States’ Court of Appeals had been created by an act of Congress (1891) to ease the Supreme Court of a good deal of its growing appellate duties in addition to remedying dearth in the cumbersome Circuit Court System, which was ultimately eliminated in the year 1911. The nine appellate courts were not to exercise original jurisdiction or to be trial courts. They were to be the essential middle rung in the three-tiered federal court system, which had been envisaged from the First Judiciary Act of 1789 instituted federal courts, pursuant to the Constitution’s Article 3, section 1. Under the courts of appeal were the United States district courts, which acted as trial courts for criminal and civil cases relating to federal law. The Supreme Court was above the courts of appeal. The courts of appeal embodied many aspects of the previous circuit courts. The main responsibility of appellate courts is reviewing the decision of a trial court on a given appealed case, looking for ‘mistakes of law’ that the trial court may have made. They do not ‘second guess’ factual issues that the trial courts decided earlier on. In the legal system, the jury resolves factual issues and not the appellate court (Radcliffe, 1). Each court of appeals had a geographic region, which it served. For the previous Fifth Circuit, that region comprised of Georgia, Alabama, Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Florida, as well as the Canal Zone, in essence the same region that the old Fifth Circuit Court served ever since the 1866 re-organization of the circuits. In the year 1869, in an endeavor to fortify the circuits, Congress, sanctioned that a circuit judge be appointed for each circuit. In 1869, President Grant appointed William Burnham Woods as the first judge of the reorganized Fifth Circuit. Don Albert Pardee succeeded him in 1881 (UScourts.gov, 1). In the 1891 Act, which created the Court of Appeals, Congress authorized a second judge for the Fifth Circuit, and in the year 1892, Texan A.P. McCormick took that position. In 1899, David D. Shelby, an attorney from Huntsville, Alabama and ex- Confederate cavalry officer became the third judge for the Fifth Circuit. The Court of Appeals Act (1891) chose one city in each circuit where court would be take place. In 1930, the number of judges in the Court of Appe

Macroeconomics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Macroeconomics - Essay Example The industry generates a lot of revenues for the United States, but the amounts of jobs created by these companies are limited and specialized. According to the article innovation and economic growth are two correlated concepts. An organization that has done a good job in promoting medical innovation is the National Institute of Health. In order for more innovation to occur in the United States across different industries the federal government and the academic community have to get more involved. The federal government can finance innovative projects by providing research grants to organizations. The government can also perform their own research in-house in order to promote innovation. In 2010 the government showed that its involvement can affect the private industry directly. The US government took over GM Corporation to safeguard the company from bankruptcy in to protect a car company that is currently one of the most innovative players in the auto industry. One of the showcase p roducts developed by GM is the Chevy Volt, a care capable of giving over 230 miles per gallon. The network of private and public universities in the United States is a big contributor to innovation in this nation. Universities receive funds from both the private and public industry in order to perform research. ... Exposing students to the research environment is the best way to get more students interested in pursuing careers dedicated to research. The colleges of this nation have to develop more scientist and engineers so that there won’t be a shortage of talent in the private industry. Basic research is often what economist called a ‘public good’ which offers economic returns for years to come (Leonhardt). An issue identified by the author of the article which is hurting the long term ability of the United States to get involved in innovative projects is the fact that our basic educational system is flawed. There are many students graduating from high school that do not have the capabilities and basic knowledge in math and science in order to perform research in innovative projects. Innovation is something that is not created out of thin air. People must provide the ideas needed to create innovative projects. The US Congress has to rethink its strategy concerning our chil dren’s educational system. More teachers need to be hired these teachers need better training in order to better prepare students for the realities of the working world. In high school teachers should encourage students to participate in events such as the science fair which promote innovation. The US government has to increase its educational budget to provide teachers and students access to better materials. A topic that was discussed by the author which has tremendous implication in the development of innovation is the use of clean energy. There has to be greater innovation in the green movement in order to develop alternative sources of energy that are not based on petroleum. Our society has to realize that the dependency on crude is not

Three Protagonist Characters Essay Example for Free

Three Protagonist Characters Essay This essay mainly concentrates on differences between teenage boys, problems they deal with and boys’ relationship with adults. Most experts of young adults’ literature agreed upon characteristics that have historically defined the genre that a protagonist is a teenager and events revolve around the protagonist and his struggle to resolve conflict (Pam, p. 49). In short stories discussed the three main characters are teenage boys. They differ from each other in their age, appearance and behaviour. All boys in stories are of different age, Charles is from eight to thirteen years old, Peter age is not directly sad, but he is at age that his father ‘’wants me [he] to learn to drive’’ (Tuohy, p. 124) and finally, the third boy, whom name is not mentioned, is 18 years old: ‘’they had been studying for ‘A’ levels together’’ (‘A’ levels – a British exam taken in particular subject, usually in the final year of school at age of 18) (MacLaverty, p. 110, 121). The narrator tells the story from his childhood flashbacks when he was a very young boy. Age differences show distinct perspective on these boys’ behaviours. The appearance of the boys’ are also described dissimilar. Peter’s look is represented as it is not important, the narrator just comments on his voice: ‘’Peter’s voice thrum like a slack guitar string’’ (Tuohy, p. 124). This simile allows the reader to create a visual portrait of adolescent boy. In Bernard MacLaverty’s short story the boy’s appearance is also not explained. However, Penelope Lively in her story describes Charles appearance in detail: ‘’The child had black hair, slicked down smooth to his head. His ears, too large, jutted out†¦laced with tiny, delicate veins. His clothes had the shine and crease of newness’’ (Lively, p. 102). It is evident that it was taken grate care of his look to show the importance of Charles’s appearance in the story. Moreover, the behaviours of the boys separate them from one another. Charles through the entire story says no word, he blocks with a wall of silence. Only from his facial expressions the author allows the reader to understand the boy: ‘’His face is haggard with anticipation’’ (Lively, p. 105). It shows that Charles is unhappy and miserable. Another character Peter in the story is acts like a typical adolescent boy who is not very friendly with adults: ‘’Please don’t always try to shut me out, Peter’’ (Touhy, p 124). This passage shows that Peter is rude and he disagrees with adults. The third character is a boy in his flashbacks of his childhood, he is interested in everything that it is not familiar with him, he wants to know everything: ‘’What is this? / Who is that in uniform? / Was your friend killed in the war? ’’ (MacLaverty, p. 114). All these questions create the image of the young boy who is nosey and importunate. ‘’Young adult authors and publishers know that adolescents can be impatient‘‘ (Pam, p. 64) for that reason authors have to create different characters and the differences they all have are making their personalities more understandable to young adults‘ literature readers. According to Pam (p. 63) the issues discussed in teenage literature are morality and religion and the modern-day novel, however, can browbeat the reader with a social issue. Teenagers deal with all types of problems in their adolescence period. In these short stories protagonists deal with different problems more frequently related with social issues. For instance, in ‘’Secrets’’ the young boy confront the problem of betrayal and deception, he is the one who is betraying others. Nosey boy reads his aunt’s letters that he is not allowed to: ‘’You are a dirt, and always will be dirt. I shall remember this till the day I die’’ (MacLaverty, p. 119). He offends his aunt by disobeying her will. The boy betrays his aunt and by this action he shows that he is too young to be reliable. In the short story ‘’Next Term, We’LL Mash You’’ Charles faces the problems more related to teenagers, it is bulling. Charles is threatened by boys of new school: ‘’Next term, we’ll mash you, we always mash new boys’’ (Lively, p. 105). This phrase shows that Charles is no exception, he will be bullied like other children and they just warn Charles what he could expect. In the third story ‘’The Licence’’ the main problem Peter deals with is adolescence. It is a difficult period in boy’s life as he is no longer a child and not quite an adult. Peter has a lot to cope with in his life because of the recent death of his mother: ‘’He hid under his handkerchiefs the photograph of his mother, and the letter she had written to him before shie died’’ (Tuohy, p. 127). Peter hides the letter because he does not want everyone to know what pain he is feeling, for teenagers it is common to hide their feelings in order not to get everyone’s attention. To conclude, problems discussed in the texts are often used in young adults’ literature, they are as follows: bulling, betrayal and adolescence. The teenagers’ stages in life when they are feeling the most misunderstood are depicted. Relationship between adults and teenagers are the most difficult because they do not understand each other. In addition, all three boys in the three different stories disagree and misapprehend with grown-ups. Firstly, in the story ‘’Next Term, We’LL Mash You’’ the relationship between Charles and his parents do not exist, his mother is asks him all kinds of questions but never hears the answer. Parents do not care about Charles willing, they decide to send him to school before listening to his opinion, and just after agreement the mother ask politely: ‘’Would you like to go there, Charles? ’’ (Liveli, p. 105) even they have already decided to send him. Treating child as he is not worth an opinion, makes parents heedless and careless. Furthermore, in ‘’The Licence’’ Peter is not understand by adults, his aunt claims that he is ‘’[†¦] just a child’’ (Tuohy, p. 125) although his father is telling him ‘’[†¦] to learn to drive’’ (Tuohy, p. 124). This shows how two adult characters are treating Peter differently and seeing him in different points of view, as a child and a grown up. Finally, in ‘’Secrets’’ the boy is treated by his aunt with care: ‘’She would sit with him on her knee, her arms around him and holding the page flat with her hand’’ (MacLaverty, p. 111), she covers the boy with love and solicitude. The aunt’s behaviour changes after the boy reads her letters without her permission: ‘’Get out, get out of my room’’ (MacLaverty, p. 118). She is mad on the boy because he defy to her. Aunt changes immediately and shouts on the boy, because he is just a young boy not an adult and she does not count him as an equal. To conclude, adults’ relationships with teenagers are complicated, the adults consider teenagers as not equal to them, as they do not understand them and do not stand well with each other. To sum up, young adults’ literature analyse problems that teenagers’ frequently deal with. The authors of three short stories discuss issues of teenager characters and reveal how every protagonist character deal with problems they have to face in their adolescence life.

Gender and Education Sociology Essay

Gender and Education Sociology Essay Education is just as an important factor in a persons life now as it was in the past. Only, the difference between now and the past are the people that are able to receive a complete education. Education was gender segregated for hundreds of years. Men and women went to different schools or were physically and academically separated into coeducational schools. Both had separate academic subjects, separate classrooms, and separate expectations. Women were only taught the social graces and morals, and teaching women academic subjects was considered a waste of time. Men had the choice of continuing education after high school, while women had the household choices ranging from what to wear to what to cook. By being educated for the sake of family and society which needed educated mothers to produce knowledgeable and responsible male citizens, it was expected by men and society that women were to have children, raise those children, and to be the best homemaker. Although today, everyone is entitled to the right to peruse an education, sexism is still maintained in obvious and subtle ways. Ways in which show that gender inequalities are and have been shifting into a more female advantaged educational system. The inequalities between girls and boys are apparent even before a child begins elementary school. Girls are first introduced to the idea that they are unequal to boys, with girls being dressed in pink and given dolls for toys, while boys are dressed in blue and given toy cars and trucks to play with. Even different behaviors are acceptable for boys than for girls. For example, every time teachers seat or line-up students by gender, they are confirming that girls Page 2 and boys should be treated differently. While girls are distinguished for being neat, calm, and quiet; boys are urged to think independently, be active, and voice opinions. Girls are socialized in schools to believe popularity is most important and that educational performance and ability are of lesser importance. Girls in grades six and seven rate being popular and well-liked as more important than being perceived as competent or independent. Boys, on the other hand, are more likely to rank independence and competence as more important (Bailey, 1992). According to Dr. Sax, author of the book Why Gender Matters, what parents and teachers should really know about, is that the brain develops differently and is wired differently in each sex. In girls, the language area of the brain develops before the areas for open relations and for geometry. Emotion is processed in the same area of the brain that processes language making it is easier for most girls to talk about their emotions. But for boys, the area involving talking and the areas involving feelings are completely separate. Girls and boys also respond differently when it comes to stress. While stress increases the learning ability in males, the same exact stress actually makes learning more difficult for girls. Ignoring these differences between the male and female mind can increase the chance of misunderstanding among the youth and thus lead to dissocialized outcomes. Research shows that one is born with either a male or female brain and that nothing can change your brain from male to female. The lay-out of a young boys brain is so different compared to that of a young girl that it is easily visible with the naked eye. An example of how a male brain functions differently than that of a female can be seen through a task as simple as Page 3 giving directions. While the male tends to use distances and directions such as east, west, north, and south to map out the path, it is easier for women to use simple reminders such as landmarks. Knowing how the brain works has a lot to do with knowing how someone learns; it is where everything is stored. When it comes to learning, boys and girls do not learn the same way at all. Psychologists have found that girls set higher standards for themselves when it comes to school, and they look over what they have accomplished more critically than guys do. Recent evidence even shows girls becoming more academically successful than boys, despite reviews showing how boys and girls are still socialized in ways that work against gender equality. Because classrooms are microcosms of society, mirroring its strengths and ills alike, it follows that the normal socialization patterns of young children that often lead to distorted perceptions of gender roles are reflected in the classrooms (Marshall, 334). Gender bias in education is reinforced through lessons, textbooks, and teacher interactions with students; as well as, through the resources teachers choose for classroom use. For example, textbooks that leave out contributions of women or those that stereotype gender roles. Teachers should be aware of the gender bias hidden within such materials and texts and discontinue their usage. We need to look at the stories we are telling our students and children. Far too many of our classroom examples, storybooks, and texts describe a world in which boys and men are bright, brave, curious, and powerful, but girls and women are passive, silent, and invisible (McCormick pg. 41). Page 4 Girls enter school in the first grade with the same skills and ambitions as boys, but due to biased conditioning in the classroom, they suffer lower self-confidence and aspirations by the time they graduate from high school. Even though, two out of every three teachers may be women, they are usually for sexual stereotypes, favoring the assertive male students and the non-assertive female students. Typically, teachers call on boys more often, give them more detailed criticism, and compliment the quality of their work more than girls work, while more likely complimenting girls for their neatness. Such bias and stereotypes sparked ideas into many people over the injustice of these outcomes and because of this, equal education was a major theme to write about among many authors. Mary Wollstonecraft, a female writer in the late 1700s, took a firm position toward the empowerment of women. In 1792 she wrote A Vindication of the Rights of Women, which revolves around the idea that women should share equal rights with men relating to education. At the time, women were basically still invisible and secluded from outside activity and they had little to no contact with the world outside their own homes. In order for women to raise well-rounded intelligent children, Wollstonecraft suggested that mothers needed to be educated so that they could successfully raise their children to become contributing members of society (Wollstonecraft Para. 11). She pleaded that women should reject submissive behavior and educate themselves, building up their own self- esteem and respect, which would turn women into more affectionate sisters, more faithful wives, more reasonable mothers-in a word, better citizens (Para. 16). The education of women would have these positive effects bec ause women would be free from restriction, allowing them to find happiness in sharing common interests with Page 5 their husbands and allowing mothers to assist in the teaching of their children (Para. 14). Wollstonecraft felt that if women had independence in providing support for their own needs that they would be closer to their entitled freedoms and equality, as well as marry for love instead of support. Daniel Defoe, also a famous writer, expresses how women were taught to do housework and nothing else throughout his essay The Education of Women. Their youth is spent to teach them to stitch and sew or make baubles. They are taught to read, indeed, and perhaps to write their names, or so; and that is the height of a womans education (Defoe Para. 2). Defoe thought that if women were taught more than housework, then they may gain more wit. He talks about the possible reasons that men had to not educate women and expresses that if men were to give women the same education, women could possibly be smarter than men as the capacities of women are supposed to be greater, and their senses quicker than those of men (Defoe Para. 4). Thus, Defoe believes, men fear women battling for superiority resulting in his views of still restricting womens education. He limits their education to just learning music, dancing, learning the French and Italian languages, teaching women to hold an intellectual conversation, and learning history. Obviously, these are not the only things that men were educated in. The passage of Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 banned single-sex education in American public schools, marking a huge landmark in the fight for gender equal education. It states, No person in the U.S. shall, on the basis of sex be excluded from participation in, or denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any educational program or activity receiving federal aid (Hansot pg. 19). Before Title IX, women Page 6 were not allowed to be admitted into certain colleges because of state laws prohibiting all women, married or single, from being accepted into their college. Only eighteen percent of women had completed four or more years of college compared to twenty-six percent of young men. Women were also less likely to be in high math or science classes and tended to drop out of school more than males. After the passing of Title IX, the effects on women became immediately clear within the educational system. The dropout rate of females as well as the number of females who became pregnant declined. There was a significant increase in the completion of bachelor, graduate and professional degrees. By 2004, women were earning 58 percent of all bachelors degrees in the United States and according to the Department of Education, the gender gap will only widen in the upcoming decade. It certainly seems clear that when women are provided with certain important resources and with opportunities to learn and practice specific skills, their academic achievement improves (Pollard pg. 104). These significant increases in statistics show how Title IX has opened many new opportunities for females. Title IX was originally enacted to impact high school and collegiate sports; although, it does not specify due to the statute covering all educational activities and complaints alleging discrimination. The statute shows how women can be just as successful as men by allowing both to have equal opportunities. It has made a large impact on the lives of many Americans today, by allowing them to make decisions and choosing any school they would like to attend. It applies to almost everyone, whether you go to an elementary school, or a university or college. Page 7 From all of this, it is clear that women have fought hard for the educational freedoms they are destined to have, but is it possible that women are changing the educational system more to their advantage? Researchers Thomas DiPrete and Claudia Buchmann seek to answer this question and discover the reasons for the growing gender gap. They explained how greater chances of getting and staying married, higher wage earnings, and a better standard of living resulted in the growing number of women achieving success in higher education. According to data from the General Social Surveys (DiPrete Buchmann pg. 522) which provides information on educational accomplishment and family background, in individuals born prior to the 1960s, daughters were only equal to sons in families where both parents were college educated. Whereas, in less educated families and female headed households, parents favored sons over daughters. Surprisingly, the female disadvantage was even greater in households where mothers had more college experience than fathers. For those born after the 1960s, the male advantage began to decline. DiPrete and Buchmann note, A shift appears to have taken place between these two periods such that the mothers level of education has become more important for daughters and the fathers level of education has become more important for sons(pg. 523). Their research shows that after 1966, the status of fathers within the family became a main influence in forming the educational outcomes of girls and boys. In families where the father was absent or only high school educated, a continual shift has occured, changing from a male advantage to a female advantage. Boys growing up in such households had, and continue to have, difficulties in obtaining a college degree, despite the fact that prior to 1966, a fathers education did not affect his sons educational achievement. On the contrary, daughters growing up under the same conditions demonstrated the highest increases in college enrollment and graduation, further influencin g future generations of women. Throughout hundreds of years, the educational system has been an absolute patriarchal system in which the male is in control. But recently over the past few decades we have seen a shift in this control; a change in the educational system that we as a society are so well adapted to. More women are becoming more academically successful then men and are graduating with honor at higher and higher levels. This can be attributed to many the factors mentioned previously; structure changes within the educational system, womens increase in labor participation, higher wages, the difference in each persons learning habits and brain make-up, and the effect of background on education. Each factor influences the academic outcomes of each sex. In a society where man once ruled academia and stood as the working figure, women have progressed throughout history to weaken the male role within education among other feats. They have taken gender bias in education and weakened it for the good of the peopl e to give themselves the overall advantage.